Disaster is a condition that needs external resources to cope with the impact of the hazards occurs in an area. For this post, I would explain more about disaster but I will focus more on the disaster management cycles. Other than that, I would also describe some information related to two countries, Malaysia and Indonesia in the management of disaster in both countries. Before we proceed further, it is good for us to know the definition of the disaster management. Disaster management is the sum total of all activities, programmes and measures that are carried out before, during and after disaster in order to avoid a disaster, reduce its impact or recover from its losses. I believe that for each country in the world, the management of disaster is one of the important elements to be taken into account in government. Malaysia has its own organization that is responsible for the management of the disaster. This organization is known as Malaysian Centre for Remote Sensing (MACRES). Indonesia with ten times number of citizens in the country compared with Malaysia formulated three levels organizations for its country. These include BAKORNAS PB, SATKORLAK PB and SATLAK PB. I would explain more later in this chapter.
Basically, for each disaster, there is one cycle that consists of three stages that need different kind of management. The first stage is pre-disaster stage. In this stage, a lot of measures can be taken in order to reduce human and properties losses such as carry out campaign to increase the awareness of population regarding the hazards, strengthening the existing weak structures and preparation of disaster management at individuals and community levels. Two important activities are always taken into consideration in this stage that is preparedness and mitigation. The former concerns about the rapid response of government, community and individual to disaster situation. Some of the examples related to preparedness are formulation of viable emergency system, the development of the warning system and maintenance of inventories and the trained personnel. The latter is related to the intervention for the reduction of the impact of hazards and the vulnerability. In order to perform this, we can either focus on hazards or the elements that are vulnerable to threats. Some interventions such as the storage of the water in drought prone area and relocating people living in hazards prone area to the temporary centre when the risk to be affected increased can be done. Malaysia under MACRES has established MACRES Ground Receiving Station in Temerloh, Pahang, that are able to receive downlink from SPOT-2, 4, 5, RADARSAT, NOAA, MODIS, and OCM. The role of MACRES is to disseminate info, provide early warning as well as establish disaster management system.
Second stage is the stage of during disaster and the organizations in charge must make sure that the people needs and provisions are met and the suffering is minimized. It can take place at many locations such as damaged area, pre hospital area as well as hospital area. In pre-hospital setting, several measures can be carried out such as triage, resuscitation, stabilization, and transportation.
Basically, for each disaster, there is one cycle that consists of three stages that need different kind of management. The first stage is pre-disaster stage. In this stage, a lot of measures can be taken in order to reduce human and properties losses such as carry out campaign to increase the awareness of population regarding the hazards, strengthening the existing weak structures and preparation of disaster management at individuals and community levels. Two important activities are always taken into consideration in this stage that is preparedness and mitigation. The former concerns about the rapid response of government, community and individual to disaster situation. Some of the examples related to preparedness are formulation of viable emergency system, the development of the warning system and maintenance of inventories and the trained personnel. The latter is related to the intervention for the reduction of the impact of hazards and the vulnerability. In order to perform this, we can either focus on hazards or the elements that are vulnerable to threats. Some interventions such as the storage of the water in drought prone area and relocating people living in hazards prone area to the temporary centre when the risk to be affected increased can be done. Malaysia under MACRES has established MACRES Ground Receiving Station in Temerloh, Pahang, that are able to receive downlink from SPOT-2, 4, 5, RADARSAT, NOAA, MODIS, and OCM. The role of MACRES is to disseminate info, provide early warning as well as establish disaster management system.
Second stage is the stage of during disaster and the organizations in charge must make sure that the people needs and provisions are met and the suffering is minimized. It can take place at many locations such as damaged area, pre hospital area as well as hospital area. In pre-hospital setting, several measures can be carried out such as triage, resuscitation, stabilization, and transportation.
The third stage involves the response and recovery activities to achieve early recovery and rehabilitation of the community. As I mentioned above, Indonesia has its own mechanism in handling disaster through three main organizations. The first one is BAKORNAS PB that is chaired by Vice President and is a national coordinating board for disaster management. The functions of BAKORNAS PB are as policy makers, coordinate the implementation and monitoring the activities in disaster management, as well as rendering guidelines and direction for disaster management. SATKORLAK PB is a provincial coordinating unit for disaster management and SATLAK PB work as a implementation unit at districts or municipals level. The former is chaired by Governor and the later is chaired by Bupati or Mayor of the city. Indonesia has been using satellite as well for the management of disaster.
In conclusion, even though each country has its own hazards but the management are slightly similar that focus on the immediate action taken in order to reduce the impact and increase the pace of recovery process. Learning form experiences and other countries can be used as one of the methods for the improvement of quality, effectiveness and efficiency of disaster management.
References:
1. Vihar, P. Delhi, 2006. Natural Hazards and Disaster Management. Introduction to disaster management. Disaster management cycles.
2. BAKORNAS PB. [online accessed on November 23rd 2010]
URL: http://www.aprsaf.org/data/aprsaf13_data/2_1_INDONESIA DM_1515day1.pdf
3. Hashim, M. National Disaster and Remote Sensing in Malaysia. [online accessed on November 23rd
2010]
URL: www.aprsaf.org/data/jptm2_pdf/JPTM200606_12.pdf
4. Hendro Wartatmo. Medical Emergency Response.
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